Aig Scandal

[pic] THE INTERNAL CONTROLS AND FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES THAT LED TO THE BAILOUT OF OUR NATION’S LARGEST INSURANCE COMPANY By: Monte Schwartz PREFACE Anyone who stares at the TV has in all likelihood observed the American International Group (hereinafter AIG) business with the young man who strolls into his parent’s room while they are resting. At the point when his mom inquires as to whether he had a bad dream, he says â€Å"no† and that he’s stressed over his parent’s monetary future. Following a twenty-second spiel about his concerns, the dad says, â€Å"Buddy, we’re with AIG† and he goes, â€Å"Oh! what's more, leaves the room and (accepting) back to his room. [1] AIG, built up as a Delaware enterprise in 1921 by Maurice â€Å"Hank† Greenburg, is basically occupied with protection related and budgetary exercises in the United States and European nations (more than 130 joined aggregate); including however not restricted to home protection, vehicle protection, life coverage and different ventures. Envision that this young men parents’ find one day with their monetary organizers that they lost the entirety of their speculations and protections where they paid dearly.The guardians had consented to make a venture so they and their kids could have a made sure about future insurance against showcase dangers. Indeed, it turned into a reality for some Americans. This overwhelming misfortune left numerous citizens with misused resources alongside a weight to pay the â€Å"bill† for the bailout of AIG. PART I: HOUSING MARKET SCANDAL: VIOLATIONS IN BUSINESS OPERATIONS To comprehend the bookkeeping outrage of AIG, one should initially comprehend its business exchanges and tasks paving the way to the SEC examinations. In 1993, President Bill Clinton marked into law the OmnibusBudget Reconciliation Act, ordinarily known as the OBRA-93 or the Deficit Reduction Act. Part XIII, is our essential center, the Re venue Reconciliation Act which permits impediments on official remunerations by constraining the deductible for charge purposes to $1 Million except if the pay was earned through execution, rewards or value: at last expanding the normal administrators check. [2] When an executive’s check rate is basically a reward, those benefits can prompt choices that are not in the wellbeing, present moment and long haul, of citizens or shareholders.You may think what this Act has to do with AIG, however this demonstration is the very pith of why AIG bombed as a business. AIG had paid its top administrators an incredible $165 million in rewards after it had gotten bailout reserves. In mid 1995, the Clinton Administration gave new and reconsidered guidelines to the Community Reinvestment Act, or CRA (in which was made by the Jimmy Carter organization) which de-stress a loan specialist to make emotional appraisal quantifies for carefully numerical portions, or as others may state, racial sha res. 3] In less complex terms, private banks were constrained to give advances to low pay families and minority neighborhoods as long as the individual was making a type of pay to reimburse the advance and didn't require any inception of a credit check. In a greater number of ways than one, this was a Federal plan that forced and coerced banks into advancing cash to individuals at high-chance. The new guidelines additionally taught moneylenders to consider how well they reacted to protests from gatherings, for example, Minority Community Activist associations like ACORN.In December of that year, Henry Cisneros (herinafter Cisneros), at that point head of Department of Housing and Urban Development (hereinafter HUD), moved Fanny Mae and Freddie Mac towards a necessity that 42% of the home loans would now serve overwhelmingly minority neighborhoods and low to direct salary families. In 2000, Andrew Cuomo (hereinafter Cuomo), Cisneros’ replacement, built up a considerably progre ssively forceful social-building objective by expanding the quantity of home loans to half by technique for drastically climbing Fanny Mae’s and Freddie Mac’s commands to purchase home loans to under-serve neighborhoods for the low salary. 4] Cuomo additionally urged them to unequivocally enter the sub-prime advance markets, which are credit-default trade markets. What's more, who sold the credit-default trades? AIG did, in light of the fact that it was a protection on bonds. Huge banks purchase securities and protection arrangements so that if an organization, state General Electric, ought to go into chapter 11, the huge bank is out on whatever top notch sum it paid and gets cash from whoever sold the protection strategy, which for this situation was AIG since AIG was the greatest financier of credit-default trades. 5] Take for example, for instance, General Electric (GE)[6]. There are just two (2) reasons with respect to why a bank would buy credit-default trades. It is possible that they would prefer not to give the full acknowledge sum as it might be a hazard or they are hoping to shroud something, similar to a money exchange. Assume that Bank A needs to better its business relationship with GE thus GE requests $70 million using a loan. The bank, consequently, addresses their senior credit chief that the greatest they can give is $50 million, because of hazard exposure.However, so as to fulfill the client, the bank loans the $70 million in any case and discounts the $20 million contrast by buying a credit-default trade from Bank B. The main issue is, GE accepts the whole $70 million originated from Bank A. Presently, Bank B was â€Å"AIG Financial Products† (hereinafter AIGFP), a division of AIG. Bank A was Bank of America, Wells Fargo, JP Morgan Chase, and so on. PART II: THE ACCOUNTING SCANDAL: VIOLATIONS OF INTERNAL CONTROL There are four (4) most normal methods of mutilating a company’s budgetary condition.They are income ac knowledgment, cost or cost acknowledgment, representing stores and bookkeeping identified with business mixes. [7] AIG mutilated their financials through representing holds. I don't get that's meaning however? In bookkeeping, organizations use stores to take care of future costs, for example, charges, conceivable suit and pay-off obligations or different liabilities. At the point when an organization purposefully adulterates data and deceives examiners of genuine monetary reports, these phony exchanges are otherwise called â€Å"sham transactions†.In 2001, the Securities Exchange Commission (in this after SEC) started researching and making charges that AIG was giving speculators, investors and evaluators with bogus fiscal summaries, demonstrating two hoax plans where the organization modified its accounting reports through fake exchanges in endeavors to hide the company’s misfortunes on ventures identified with the credit default trades. By September of 2003, the SEC documented a claim against an organization known as Brightpoint Inc. (hereinafter Brightpoint), in which is a discount merchant of electronics.Their charges included, yet not restricted to, inappropriate utilization of protection arrangements in endeavoring to diminish a misfortune by 11. 9 Million in endeavors to show the open a littler misfortune. Therefore, Brightpoint’s Financial Statements exaggerated their total compensation. The SEC discovered their overall gain exaggerated by 61%. [8] It was uncovered later in the disclosure time frame that AIG was associated with helping Brightpoint to spread out their misfortunes over a timespan. This method is known as â€Å"retroactive insurance† which consolidated two arrangements into one.The two approaches were the Retroactive Coverage and a Prospective Coverage. The â€Å"policy† should take care of the expense of misfortunes over a three-year term. The thought was to â€Å"smooth† the fiscal report with t he goal that the general population didn't see such an effect of misfortunes by AIG customers. Brightpoint paid a month to month premium for this strategy of $15 Million. This strategy, while totally fake, permitted Brightpoint to show an Insurance Receivable of $11. 9 Million. It couldn't be any more obvious, SEC v. Brightpoint (2003). Retroactive Coverage isn't insurance.It simply moved money starting with one spot then onto the next, which the SEC called a â€Å"round-excursion of cash†. Brightpoint kept monies with AIG and later on, AIG would restore the assets; yet mark it off in their books as though they made an Insurance Claim Payment. There was no hazard being moved. When Auditors understood that this approach wasn’t a serious Insurance Policy, Brightpoint started making â€Å"restatements† to their budget reports. Clearly there is extortion when the books require various â€Å"restatements†. After the SEC had recorded their claim, AIG immediatel y settled on understandings to make due with $10 Million.This was just a common punishment. No criminal punishments were managed by the Federal Courts for this â€Å"Retro-dynamic Policy†. This installment of $10 Million came about in AIG’s benefit a negligible $100,000. It's just plain obvious, SEC v. Brightpoint (2003). Brightpoint was by all account not the only organization got â€Å"assistance† from AIG around a similar time span. Another organization, known as PNC Financial Services Group Inc. (hereinafter PNC), was likewise included. So, PNC was a Pennsylvania bank holding organization. AIG caused PNC to move $762 million of advantages off of the monetary records. 9] By now, it appears AIG was a â€Å"pro† at misshaping asset reports. They didn’t like low overall gains and they helped other people by sharing their strategies of â€Å"distortion†. The SEC calls these â€Å"PAGIC† exchanges, since total compensations mysteriously show benefit. PNC had moved their advantages for another substance which PNC held significant intrigue. They had made three (3) exchanges which were proposed to decrease their misfortunes with respect to advances and funding ventures by â€Å"transferring†, as per the SEC outline findings.PNC had then neglected to represent these exchanges as an advantage or an advance which neglected to show up on their monetary records. This diminished their introduction to â€Å"troubled credits and unstable assets†. (See SEC v. PNC Financial Services, Inc. ) These exchanges were clearly structure

Why God Allowed Sin into the World Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Why God Allowed Sin into the World - Essay Example This paper represents that numerous definitions are being used in setting up the genuine significance of wrongdoing. Among the numerous definitions, numerous people ordinarily utilize two. Sin is the infringement of a perfect relationship that exists among God and an individual or sin likewise includes from the perfect request of people. To be sure, the two definitions give a decent establishment to the comprehension of transgression and the different angles relating to it. On such a comprehension on what sin is, deciding the significant reasons adding to why God permitted sin into the world stays an altogether simple assignment. Many inquiry the motivation behind why God licenses sin to reign on the planet, which causes incredible enduring among numerous people, in spite of His almighty nature. Sin began from the Garden of Eden after the defiance of Adam and Eve, in the wake of doing in opposition to the desire of God. Such a comprehension achieves two significant reasons with regar ds to why God permitted sin into the world. God permitted sin into the world so as to show his actual nature and other significant exercises. God permits sin into the world as a proof that without a doubt sin and its shrewd nature are dangerous, and that the enduring ascribed to sin, proofs that any complexity to God’s will brings about torment, torment, lastly prompts passing. God's tendency shows best in people through affliction, taking into account that during sufferings, numerous people will in general fix their relationship with God.

Second Job Interview Questions and Answers

Second Job Interview Questions and Answers “Congratulations! The job is yours”. That is a something you hope to hear after completing a job interview or the last round of them. This statement, however, does not come so easily especially considering the competitive nature of interviews.After successfully passing the first interview that mostly evaluates your qualifications and the rest of your resume, there is usually a second interview.The second interview is where the real vetting happens, and it involves a conversation between the company decision maker/s and you. If you have not met your potential manager during your first interview, it is highly likely that he/she will be involved in the second one.On the other hand, if you had your first interview with him/her, then the second interview most probably will be done by the manager whom he/she reports to.It is in this interview that you need a different approach to communicate as compared to the first screening. During the second interview, you need to steer the conversa tion in a direction of what you will do for the company if given the role.Meaning, you must have the nitty gritty about the company goals, vision, mission, as well as the competing firms including some possible strategies to outsmart them.BEFORE ENTERING THE INTERVIEW ROOMHaving attended the first interview, you must have learned some interview hacks for killing it in the interview room. There is a lot to borrow from the first interview when preparing for your second interview.Right from the familiarity with the venue, the outfit to wear to how you carry yourself during the interview. However, performing well inany interview requires essential skills and behavior.When you received the invitation for the second interview, they must have informed you about the details of where it will be held and at what time. If the location is different from the one of the first interview, it will be a good idea to visit the new venue prior to your interview to be sure of the exact location and not be late. In any case, this will help you to locate the exact room and to estimate the time needed for you to get there.Before the day of the second interview, conduct a research about the job position but also about the company. Use your contacts, friends, and the Internet to get information about the company. This will enable you to talk about the history and future of the organization and why you want to work there. Prepare few questions for the interviewer about any uncertainty you might have. Of course, this must be related to the job post and the employer. You will look good every time you go into an interview room with brilliant questions. Study your resume in detail and know everything about it. Any experience or skills written on the resume are subject to discussion during the interview. Therefore, be very keen on whatever you have written and eliminate any materials that you cannot explain. Remember to bring a copy of your printed resume and any supporting documents (certif icates, reference letters, etc.).Make it a general rule to always check the outfit you intend to wear to your interview beforehand. Make sure it is clean, and if any ironing is required take your time to straighten out the creases. Do not wait for the morning shock; try the outfit so that you can make sure it is a perfect fit for the next day. Any accessories such as the watches and pieces of jewelry should be worn in moderation. In fact, you should ensure that your accessories complement who you are or maybe what you hope to be in the employer’s company.On the interview day, allow sufficient time to get there. It’s all right to be up to 10 minutes early, but no more than that as the interviewer may not be prepared for you. Do not forget to have the phone number of the company that invited you so that you can call them, in the event you are running late.THE TYPES OF QUESTIONS AT THE SECOND INTERVIEWThere are a variety of questions that may be asked during the second interview. N otably, they are categorized into:1. Questions asking for personal informationMost likely the interview will be opened with questions about your demographic information.You are expected to tell the panelists more about you especially because all or some of them have not met you yet. Start with a clear summary of who you are and what you have done so far, and then you can dive into talking about your current job position (if you have any) and what are theprincipal duties that you handle at present.2. Questions related to education and qualificationsIn this series of questions, expect inquiries about the reasons that make you a great candidate for the position, including your educational background, such as: “Where did you study?”, “What are your highest academic achievements?”, and so on.Here the panel is interested in finding out your knowledge that would make you successful in this position. It is of importance to point out the specific subjects in the coursework that have trained you for the vacancy.If you have a feeling that education background is not a perfect match for the job, you may omit it and include only that which is relevant.Do not assume that the interviewers have read/memorized what you have written in your resume, as the interviewers are not the salesperson, you are. 3. Questions about work experienceThese questions are related to your current and previous employment opportunities and the skills you acquired during these experiences â€" for example, “How do you feel that your past job has prepared you for this position?”.When answering these questions, you should discuss how the skills acquired from your previous job have prepared you for the new situation you are seeking.Be aware of the possibility that some of the interview panelists may probe on why you are leaving the current position. Here, you will require being a bit more cautious about how you handle this query.Do not ill-talk the company you had been working for or engage in a discussion on how severe your previous employer was. Defend your interests in the current position without dragging anyone or any other company to it. 4. Critical thinking questionsThese are also known as brainteaser questions. These questions entail scenarios that are tricky and difficult.Therefore, they want to test your response to such situations. The secret behind brainteasers is that it does not seek a right answer, but instead its tests your critical thinking and creativity.5. Personality-related questionsThese tend to bring out your personality in an interview. They try to examine your skills as compared to your character. This is the conversation where you are expected to repackage your hobbies and interests, extracurricular activities such as sporting activities.It is essential to note some of the desirable skills such as intrapersonal skills or being adaptable, working safely, being responsible, maintaining a positive attitude, and learning continuously.Teamwork skil ls include working with others, participate in tasks and projects. Fundamental skills include excellent communication, managing information, problem-solving and critical thinking.“Have you ever been a leader?” is one of the questions that you may be asked.You must be ready to repackage your experiences from the pastime activities that have demonstrated the skill in question.Responses such as, In my tenure as the volleyball coach, I was able to lead my team to the national championship where we came first. demonstrate the value you are likely to bring to the company.Some of the job advertisements usually indicate the values they are looking for, so be keen to read them thoroughly. It is important to point out if you have trained others on any of these or other skills because employers are very interested in workers who are willing and able to educate others.6. Opinion questionsThe interviewer wants to assess you on handling a series of scenarios that you may find yourself in whil e you are working for them. In this situation, the interviewer seeks to get insight into your decision-making skills.These include items such as “What would you in such and such a situation?” or “What are your weaknesses and strengths?”.These opinion-type questions are generally tricky, and the interviewer is seeking for you to display honesty and self-awareness, so go on and answer what is the one thing you would change in yourself.Now, let us look at some of the common questions and their best responses.THE SECOND INTERVIEW QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS1. Q: “Have you thought of any questions since our last meeting?”A: The answer is that the interviewer wants to check your motivation and eagerness for the job you are seeking. If you need a job so much, you will mostly have many things to think about at the last meeting.Of course, you should only ask questions for which you have not found the answers after you researched the current job position and the company. So, make sure y ou do a thorough background search for information.Otherwise, it may seem like you did not learn anything new about the company from the time you did the first interview. You should embrace this opportunity to inquire about areas you need clarifications as it another chance to leave a good impression similar to “Do You Have Any Questions for Me?” question in the first interview.Ask questions about the role, the organization and about the projects being undertaken. Avoid questions that are outside of the parameters of the professionalism such as the ones about the personal life of the interviewer, or gossips about their colleagues should be avoided by all means.2. Q: “Why do you want to work here?”A: The answer is simple but you can only answer it appropriately if you collected enough data about the company. The interviewer wants to learn about your career goals and the way in which they fit the position you are seeking.For this, you will need to understand the company’s an d the department’s preferences and priorities. Portray your urge and high interest in the job and how motivated are you to perform well at this vacant position.3. Q: “What makes you NOT want to work here?” or “What would you change in our company?”A: The answer to these questions should be inspired by the fact that the interviewer wants to get a picture of the values that you find important.In addition, it will show off your areas of expertise and analytical skills.Therefore, it is critical for you to explain what you would change about the company briefly; then go more in-depth into details why and how would you make the change.Now try to state how the change affects the position you are seeking. Remember to keep your answers concise and informative, while keeping yourself humble and grounded. 4. Q: “Do you prefer to work alone or as part of a team?” or “Do you prefer following instructions or acting independently?”A: The answer to these can be a bit tricky. The i nterviewer is interested in knowing if you are more comfortable working alone or in a team. Whether you go for individual or teamwork setting, make sure you highlight the reasons for your preferred choice.Depending on the nature of work in question, sometimes having multiple brains is beneficial because there will be many ideas or perhaps if you feel more motivated by your peers.On the other hand, you may wish to work independently if speed and efficiency are crucial at the situation as you will not be waiting on others to finish their task and you will not be debating ideas with anyone.Draw from your different experiences where you had worked independently and as a team, as by now you must have hints about whether you are more productive when you work alone or with others.5. Q: “What is your ultimate career goal/dream?”A: The answer is guided by the need of interviewers to know whether you have any longtime career plans and to see how their vacancy fits in them. The interviewer s will try to figure out if you want their job to stay in for a long time or you want to hop on it as a stepping stone to another post soon.When you get such a question, start with the short-term dreams/goals and then move to long-term dreams/goals. One of the short terms can be getting a job while long-term goals can be excelling in that job.Lastly, make sure that the goals are attainable and achievable.6. Q: “What can you do for this company if we hire you?” or “Why should we hire you?” or “Why are you the best person for the job?”A: The answer is supposed to market you and sell your ideas to the interviewer. In fact, you should make yourself so appealing that the interviewers should not think about hiring anybody else but you. Highlight the top reasons for them to hire you and give relevant examples for each reason. The key thing should be to focus on critical accomplishments, awards, education, technical skills, experience and soft skills.Remember that the interviewe rs hire the best person and most people coming to the interview are qualified, so it is up to you to articulate the best skills. The skills and explanation should focus on how the company will benefit from your work, and not how you will benefit from working in their company or industry.Also, point out your passion for joining the industry, your passion for the product/s they have, their ranking, the way they conduct their business, and/or their corporate social responsibility. You should have confidence, enthusiasm, and passion in your voice while you give to explain to the interviewers.7. Q: “Can you share an example where you have used your problem-solving abilities?”A: In almost all job interviews, problem-solving skills are critical attributes that the interviewers look for in a candidate.You should be prepared to give a story about your best problem-solving experiences. It could be in the form of narration about the most impressive challenges that you have overcome in your line of duty.The interviewer can also provide you with an example of a problem and then asks you to state the steps that you would undertake to solve it.8. Q: “How have you coped with changing processes and circumstances at work?”A: Here, the interviewer is interested in knowing how well you can adapt to changes. They are looking out to recognize how quickly you can cope with changes and adjust to the new environment.It is important to portray traits such as confidence when faced with changes, indicate how a previous work experience required copying and highlight of any skill that helps you adapt to changes. In this question, do not share false examples, do not get nervous or unsure and do not have a short answer only for the interviewer to move to the next question.9. Q: “What are your salary expectations?”A: This is among the tricky questions that are usually asked during the second interview. To give a realistic figure you must be familiar with the range of salary given to people working in a similar position as the one you applied for.If you give a figure that is too low, the company might offer you an even lower starting salary, but if you state a figure that which is too high for their budget, the company may offer the job to someone else. In case you have no specific figure in mind, you can try to answer the question by stating that you expect the salary to correspond to your qualifications and experience or higher than what you are currently earning.10. Q: “What is your notice period?”A: Please note that this question does not mean that it is then when you will be hired. Do not be in a hurry to resign from your current position; wait until the interviewers confirm that they like you the most among all the other candidates.Be honest on the current job notice timeframe, otherwise, you might not be able to start on time at your new job or suffer consequences if you leave your old job sooner that the notice period you agreed on in your work ag reement.11. Q: “What are the first three things you would do if you land the job?”A: Easy peasy, the interviewers are looking for actions that are practical. They are looking out for whether you understand their environment so it is therefore essential that you have a good idea of their work processes.If you provide the interviewer/swith ideas and you do not know how to make them happen, say that you will find that out as you move along with the job. If your strategy requires collaboration with others, it is important to state not just your role, but also the role of the other key team players.JOB INTERVIEW ETIQUETTEAs you prepare for your second interview, keep in mind the following â€" interview etiquette has never gone out of fashion. They are few simple things that a candidate does during a job interview to show politeness regardless of whether they are walking or talking. Just as how you have heard of table manners, there is also a code of conduct to be observed during inte rviews.Remember etiquette may be your selling point so carry your manners with you to the second interview as well. Do not laugh when there is nothing to laugh at, and do not forget to greet the interview panelist/s when you arrive.How you sit in front of the panel speaks more than you would imagine. It will speak about how confident you are about the interview, how prepared you are amongst others. Ensure that you sit upright. It’s essential you move around the chair to match the interviewer asking the question; this action eases stage fright.Ensure your legs have less movement since that could be a sign of nervousness. Keep your posture open since crossed arms suggest a defensive position. Use appropriate gestures to reinforce or emphasize critical points. Open palms indicate honesty and openness.Right-hand movements while talking suggest that you are giving information. The left hand signifies that you are ready to receive data.WHAT TO REMEMBERWhenever you find yourself that you cannot answer an inevitable question, you may get silent and even wish the floor would open up and swallow you whole. However, do not worry because here are tips to ensure you answer the question.First of all, be calm so that you can be psychologically focused. This is enhanced by taking a deep breath and telling yourself that it is OK.Also, do not ever say, “I don’t know,” as it is important that you at least try to answer the questions but without making stuff up. If you did not understand the question, ask the interviewer for clarifications.Passing an interview brings a joy for every job seeker; therefore, you should always strive to be the one to outsmart the rest. Being the best requires you to do adequate research about the company, be focused, be on time, show courage and be enthusiastic.You should also be a good listener so that the interviewers do not keep on repeating same questions and it also helps you to answer the asked questions.Also, give specific examples tha t highlight your success; these examples should be prepared before the interview, ask questions for clarification and additional information that are relevant to the conversation. Good luck to your second interview!

The Journies of Beowulf and Sir Gawain and the Green...

Beowulf vs. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight In the worlds of Beowulf and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, the journeys of two heroes, Beowulf and Sir Gawain, are depicted through the form of poems. The two stories have become two of the most important works of literature in the English history. In the two poems, both Beowulf and Sir Gawain face great challenges in their journeys as heroes. Beowulf embarks on a quest to defeat Grendel and his mother while Sir Gawain faces many difficulties on his search for the Green Knight. Although the main characters in Beowulf and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight exhibit many of the same characteristics, the two poems have stylistic differences and differ in societal values. Written before the tenth†¦show more content†¦Although Beowulf is considered an epic hero and Sir Gawain a chivalric hero, both epitomize the idea of a hero by demonstrating loyalty and bravery. Beowulf is loyal to his lord by refusing to take the throne until Hygelafà ¢â‚¬â„¢s son, the rightful successor, passes on. Beowulf also exhibits bravery in his confrontation with Grendel by defeating the monster with no weapons. Sir Gawain demonstrates loyalty and bravery to King Arthur by accepting the challenge of the Green Knight when none of the other knights stepped forward. Loyalty and bravery are two qualities characteristic of a hero and no matter what type of hero they were; Beowulf and Sir Gawain epitomized these traits. Just as Beowulf was an epic hero and Sir Gawain was a chivalric hero, Beowulf is an epic poem and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is a romantic poem. Written in two distinct time periods, the two poems also differ in structure and style. Beowulf is written in Old English while Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is written in Middle English. Beowulf is three thousand two hundred words long while Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is about two thousand five hundred words in length. Although Sir Gawain and the Green Knight resembles an e pic in its focus of Sir Gawain’s heroic deeds, the romantic poem is lighter in tone. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight also uses five short rhyming lines

The Dispute Between China And The Philippines Essay

The Dispute between China and the Philippines over the South China Sea The territorial and maritime disputes over the South China Sea (SCS) have been ongoing for decades. The disputes have been considered to be one the fiercest-contested in Asia. The South China Sea is an enclosed sea surrounded by several different states. China, the Philippines, Vietnam, Brunei, Taiwan, and Malaysia all surrounded the South China Sea. The main cause of tension in this dispute is because China claims to have â€Å"historical sovereignty† over all of the South China Sea. Associations of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) have come up with different discussions and suggestions on how to end the disputes with favorable conditions for all contending states. They use the principles of the United Nation Convention of the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and form the Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea (DOC). The states surrounding the South China Sea possess 12 nautical miles territori al sea and 200 nautical miles exclusive economic zones (EEZs). Thus, the South China Sea is not only international waters, instead, it is also overlapping exclusive economic zones. According to UNCLOS, disputes over exclusive economic zones must be resolved through negotiations by the contending states. Many of these contending Southeast Asian states have negotiated their maritime boundaries, however, China fails to comply. China claims that it owns all of the South China Sea, and therefore, has no need toShow MoreRelatedThe Dispute Between China And China Essay1481 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: Wars and disputes are tales as old as time. Wars could stem from a simple issue such as person A having something person B wants and is willing and able to take it. 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China claimed the sovereignty of territory by far the largest portion of territory - an area defined by the nine-dash line which stretchesRead MoreSocial Issues: Territorial Dispute in the West Philippine Sea770 Words   |  4 PagesSocial Issues: Territorial Dispute in the West Philippine Sea In accordance to the requirements for Prelims in English 2 (ZEN112) Submitted by: Patiag, Jude Emmanuel V. Blancaflor, Jazmine Blanche C. Other countries think that the International Law does not apply to â€Å"Great Powers† such as China. China took the advantage of the country’s status of being a third world country, thinking that Philippines don’t stand a chance against China. The International Law equalizes both small andRead MoreThe Dispute Over The South China Sea Essay1266 Words   |  6 Pages The dispute over the South China Sea denotes the process of power rebalancing while China rising as a hegemony in East Asia. China craves for more resources and power and decides to effectuate that by controlling more maritime territory. This act impelled the United State to align with the Philippines to balance with China. In a realism world, U.S. has adequate reason to intervene for fear for China becoming too strong a power. Realism assumes that under a balance of power, the overriding aimRead MoreChina Sea And Chinese Foreign Policy1218 Words   |  5 Pagesthat China is assertive. The assertive conduct of China can have an impact on the regional order and stability in South China Sea. The academics and experts in politics have different perspective on the assertive behaviour of Chinese foreign policy. The argument in favour of implementing assertive foreign policies affirms that China has good intentions regarding the South China Sea. China is required to have an assertive behaviour to bring regional stability and solve the territorial disputes on theRead MoreThe Conflict Of The South China Sea Threatens Us China Relations1296 Words   |  6 PagesThe main point of the article is that the ongoing conflict in the South China Sea threatens US-China relations and, if not resolved, will lead to instability in the region. The author’s solution to this is that leaders of both countries work togeth er to achieve a better understanding of the concerns coming from both sides, as well as lay out consequences for certain actions and to commit themselves to avoiding further escalation. This is tricky because neither country wants to look like it is givingRead MoreChina Case Study1132 Words   |  5 Pagesmaritime claims and peaceful resolutions of disputes. In support of the objectives communicated by the Secretary of State and Defense, the current China policy of reaffirming U.S. commitments to the allies, focusing on the South China Sea region ally of the Philippines, will signal the U.S. support to other nations in the region. Given the current overtures of China to the Philippine via economic and military aid, the U.S. must increase assistance to the Philippine government to provide the reaffirmingRead MoreChinese Foreign Policy And Its Effect On The Regional Order And Stability Of South China Sea1338 Words   |  6 Pagesconsensus among scholars concludes that China is as sertive (Chen, Pu Johnston, 2014, 176). The assertive conduct of China can have an impact on the regional order and stability in South China Sea. The scholars have different views on the assertiveness of Chinese foreign policy (Chen et al., 2014, 176). The argument in favour of implementing assertive foreign policy affirms that China has good intentions regarding the South China Sea (Chen et al., 2014, 181). China is required to have an assertive conductRead MoreTerritorial Disputes Within The South China Sea1404 Words   |  6 PagesName: Michael Zuker and Max Myszkowski Committee: United Nations General Assembly Topic: Territorial Disputes in the South China Sea Background Following the cessation of the Cold War, a massive territorial dispute erupted over two island chains in the South China Sea (SCS), the Paracels and the Spratleys. Those nations disputing their rightful ownership include China, Malaysia, Vietnam, the Philippines, Brunei, and Taiwan. The source of the conflict in this area stems from the geographical location

Globalizing Armenia essay Free Essays

Nowadays globalization is becoming more and more popular. It allows us to meet and experience different cultures, societies, technologies and many other things. It helps different countries to exchange useful information. We will write a custom essay sample on Globalizing Armenia essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Globalization just unites people from all over the world. In the n present age globalization has also a great influence on Armenia, which can be seen from our cultural changes, educational changes and religious changes. Globalization allows us to experience different cultures in our country. Many foreign countries have spread their culture, lifestyle in Armenia. First example of these can be the mobile phones we use. They may have been created in China or Japan, but here we use them. Second example can be the cars we use on our streets, which may have been also created in foreign countries. Third can be American culture, which has been spread here through famous American companies such as Coca cola, McDonalds and so on. All we can do is accept cultural changes, which help us to live more comfortable. In Armenia globalization has also affected on our education. Today better and more advanced methods of education have spread in Armenia through globalization. First can be Bologna system, which is used by some Universities in Armenia. Second is learning English language, which makes easier to communicate with foreigners, because English is spoken in almost every country and everybody understand it. Globalization helps us to expand our teaching and learning experience. Today globalization has also a great influence on religion. Now many new religions and religious groups have spread in our country. A result of religious globalization can be different sects, which have been spread here from Europe and are protesting against a church. Globalization needs to be more widely understood by people, especially some of its aspects, which have negative results for our society. So globalization plays an important role in our life. It interferes with culture, education, religion and so on. Globalization helps us to learn more about different countries, their culture and lifestyle. It helps us to expand our knowledge and to live more comfortable and peaceful. Globalization also helps people to create new things but it`s very important to maintain our national values, identity and personality. How to cite Globalizing Armenia essay, Essays

The Importance of Service Experience-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Importance of Service Experience and the difficulties in Management associated with it. Answer: Introduction This paper intends to look at the importance of service experience and the difficulties in management associated with it. In the day to day business environment, the service providers offer services to their customers. Each customers experience at the service counter or at the table in a restaurant situation is different. The way the hotel attendants handle cases, such as mixed up table reservations or having to break to the customer the bad news that all the tables available have been booked, defines each customers experience. Different attending employees have different methods of handling the customers. Some will first engage the customer in a brief conversation, making them feel welcome and valued while others go straight to the point, serve the customer without making them feel welcome a second time. Customers are pleased with good service and where they get to be engaged by the service provider. Significance of Service Encounter The opinion that a customer has towards a service rendered to them whether in a restaurant after a nice meal, or an airline after flying with it is called service encounter. The capability to meet the needs of the customer is entirely dependent on the service giver (Updhyay, Sharma 2014, pp.34). Immediately the customer gets to speak with the hotel attendant serving him or her, they start to assess their dining experience at that restaurant. Customers evaluate the level to which their satisfaction has been met in accordance to the service provider hence, even though the meal served to them is a delicacy and the waiter bring it to the table is rude, the customer will most likely conclude the entire dining experience was unpleasant. The restaurant business is competitive since at every corner there is a hotel or a fast food service system, therefore, the business owners strive to create business models without gaps that could be filled by upcoming entrepreneurs. The behavior portrayed by the service providers at the front line is critical to a customer's assessment of a service (Hassan 2013, pp.412). Thereby, a good service encounter is key to defeating competitors in the currently overpopulated marketplace. Employers are now hiring motivated, high performance and productive employees so as to improve the quality of services rendered to their customers. Due to the fast growth of the service department, customers have become stricter in the assessment of their service encounters (Ryu, Lee, Gon Kim 2012, pp.203). To counter this strictness, the service givers are more attentive to the surroundings, in other words, known as the services cape, and their general effect on the quality of the service offered (Ryu, Lee, Gon Kim 2012, pp.200). Research into services cape has shown that certain atmospheric characteristics have a straight forward impact on customer's feelings and fulfillment and also the behavior of the employee. Research has also shown that with good relaxing music playing in the background in a restaurant setting and beautiful decorations accompanied by a delicious meal the customers give positive opinions about their service experiences (Rankin, Senoadi, Bradshaw, Wiman, Bengtsson, Sharpe, Wentland, Claflin 2013, pp.34). Factors such as sweet smelling aroma to get the customer drooling even before he/she is served and well-arranged tables with glasses displayed in an orderly manner ensure the customer enjoys the night and leaves the restaurant satisfied. The customer also expects that the delivery of the service will be of good quality. The attendants in the restaurant are tasked with the duty to make the customer feel welcome during their interaction at the same time paying attention to them at the time they are making their order or asking for anything else. Analysis of the Managerial Implications In the current business environment, competition is one major challenge faced by every business except in cases of monopoly (Krishna, 2014, pp.45). The restaurant business is not any different. The managerial department in the restaurants has established that it's not enough to offer great meals or excellent atmosphere to the consumers (Krishna, 2014, pp.54). Customers have evolved to become more refined and their assessment of the general dining experience stretches beyond the physical environment thereby including the hotel attendants interaction with them (Oliveira, Thomas, Baptista, Campos 2016, pp.404). The customers have become overly cautious such that specific characteristics determine whether or not they are satisfied. The assumption that the atmosphere in the restaurant matching the food served and the type of design on the inside suiting the outside ensures more satisfaction for the customer, has certain implications for the managers which include; the consumers assess their experiences at a restaurant as a package. The service providers need to ensure that they meet the customers expectations of both the services cape and their delivery of the service. Secondly, keen consideration is required in deciding the right level of excitement brought about by the factors in the surrounding. Thirdly, the service providers at the restaurant can incorporate the unique external environment characteristics to create remarkable memories for the customer (Montaa 2017, pp.31). Fourthly, involving the customers in the sales process by the collecting their views on the quality of the services offered and the products. Finally, there is the need for a balanced equilibrium between the services cape and the main product of sale. In the event that more attention is paid to the physical environment and the service is neglected, the customers will not be satisfied. Conclusion The customers feelings and assessment of a restaurant are greatly affected by the surrounding environment and the quality of the service they receive. The customers perceive their experiences at a restaurant in a holistic version. The package includes the kind of food they are served how good it is and the atmosphere at the restaurant. Regardless of the competitive nature of the restaurant business, the key to succeeding is being able to identify all the needs of the customers and satisfying them (Eccles, Ioannou and Serafeim, 2014 pp.2835). Customers look for things such as how the waiter handled the customer's request, how good he/she was at delivering the service and also personal attributes such as warm smile, easy to interact with (Visser, 2014 pp.10). The first impression that a customer gets after interacting with the server dictates the opinion that he/she leaves the restaurant with that day. The success brought about by adopting the unique characteristics of the physical env ironment provides evidence that other business can utilize this strategy and succeed. Bibliography Oliveira, T., Thomas, M., Baptista, G. and Campos, F., 2016. Mobile payment: Understanding the determinants of customer adoption and intention to recommend the technology. Computers in Human Behavior, 61, pp.404-414. Rankin, R.L., Senoadi, N., Bradshaw, K.C., Wiman, E.I., Bengtsson, R.J., Sharpe, B.L., Wentland, M.E. and Claflin, S., The Boeing Company, 2013. Customizable service space. U.S. Patent 8,519,824. Ryu, K., Lee, H.R. and Gon Kim, W., 2012. The influence of the quality of the physical environment, food, and service on restaurant image, customer perceived value, customer satisfaction, and behavioral intentions. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 24(2), pp.200-223. Updhyay, Y. and Sharma, D., 2014. Culinary preferences of foreign tourists in India. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 20(1), pp.29-39. Prasad, H.A.C., Sathish, R. and Singh, S.S., 2014. Emerging Global Economic Situation: Opportunities And Policy Issues for Services Sector. Government of IndiaMinistry of Finance, New Delhi. Krishna, K., 2014. Analysing Competition in the Quick Service Restaurant Industry. Browser Download This Paper. Hassan, A., 2013. Perspective analysis and implications of visitor managementexperiences from the Whitechapel Gallery, London. Anatolia, 24(3), pp.410-426. Montaa, R.A., 2017. Corporate Sustainability and Responsibility 2.0: Moral Foundations and Implications. KRITIKE: An Online Journal of Philosophy, 11(1). Visser, W., 2014.CSR 2.0: Transforming corporate sustainability and responsibility. New York, NY: Springer. Eccles, R.G., Ioannou, I. and Serafeim, G., 2014. The impact of corporate sustainability on organizational processes and performance.Management Science,60(11), pp.2835-2857

Italian Culture essays

Italian Culture essays When I think of culture the first three things that come to mind are art, food, and symbols. The formal definition of culture is the shared products of human groups. Italy is one of the most rich and diverse cultures of the world. Italy is a land of art which is one of yhe main reasons it is rich in culture. It also over the years has developed some of the most popular foods all over the world. Throughout Italy there are various symbols dating back to the beginning of Italy's existence twelve thousand years ago. Italians believe a country that does not appreciate art is a country with no soul. This clearly shows the impact that art has had on Italian culture. During Italy's twelve thousand years many of the most famous artists from sculptors to painters to musicians to architects have come from Italy. Think for a minute what modern art or any art since the fifteenth or sixteenth centuries would be like without the Renaissance. Renaissance Art was born in Florence, Italy and spread throughout all of Italy and Europe. Italy has been the home to two of the most famous painters Michelangelo and Leonardo de Vinci. Michelangelo was not only a painter but also a sculptor and an architect. Italy holds the Sistine Chapel, St. Peter's Cathedral, and the David; these are if not the three most famous pieces of art they are at the top. Italy also has a strong musical influence on its culture. The opera and ballet were both founded in Italy as well as many musical instruments including the viol in, piano, and cello. An Italian monk, Guido D'Arezzo, invented a way to write music on paper. Architecture is another part of Italian art, there are many famous churches and other various buildings including the Coliseum, the Forum, and the Pantheon that architects today are still trying to figure out how they were built. Palladio, one of Italy's most famous architects, was loved my Thomas Jefferson and you can see his style in Monticello...

Identify the Common Poplars in North America

Identify the Common Poplars in North America The genus Populus  most common North American natives include  one true poplar in the north, four primary species of cottonwoods and the quaking aspen. Most of the known 35 natural poplar species live in the Northern Hemisphere. The cottonwoods thrive in an ecosystem associated with riparian and wetland areas in eastern and western North America. The aspens are most comfortable in boreal environments dominated by conifers with aspen being a major broad-leaved species. Balsam poplar  (Populus balsamifera)  is the northernmost American hardwood and a major deciduous tree in Canada and Alaska. The Common North American Poplar Species Quaking aspenBalsam poplarEastern cottonwoodBlack cottonwood All have long reproductive catkins that appear just before the new leaves of spring and can help in identification. The resulting fruit is a capsule that opens into 2 tp 4 parts. The tufted seeds are shed in masses of white cotton which can cover the ground inches deep. The leaves of aspen and Eastern cottonwood are deltoids  where black cottonwood and balsam poplar are ovate. They occur on a branch alternately, are simple (single leaf) and mostly toothed. Interesting Facts The Eastern Cottonwood,  Populus deltoides, is one of the largest North American hardwood trees.  The aspen  has the widest range in the United States.  It occurs throughout the eastern United States and throughout Canada.Yellow poplar is not a true poplar and not listed here.

Question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Question - Essay Example The approach that will be adopted by this lawyer would be of a proactive nature and he would consistently keep a check on the activities and measures of the other industrial competitors and narrate the same dealings to the company’s top heads. Moreover, this lawyer will help solve the different legal issues which the organization might run into from time to time and also facilitate avenues for better understanding between the company and its publics (usually the stakeholders). (Commons, 1923) Since keeping a check of the law regimes is the duty of any organization that works under a certain law of the land, this organization would be helped a great deal by the efforts undertaken by the lawyer and his role would be increased with each passing day. Thus it is in the best interests of the business unit operating in a foreign country to hire the best lawyer and adopt an approach of goodwill with the legislative

Spiritual Formation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Spiritual Formation - Essay Example Spiritual formation can be separated, therefore, into different definitions according to one’s beliefs and experiences. The spiritual life in the biblical sense is one that should affect one’s daily life and his relationships not only with God but also with his neighbors. The one objective that sums up Jesus’ teachings while on earth was love. This was further reinforced by his disciples in the writings of the New Testament â€Å"faith, hope, and love; and the greatest of these is love.† It is difficult to separate the spiritual life from everyday life. As in our love of God and love of neighbor, the value of our rituals and devotional life is judged by how we behave in our daily life and work (Westerhoff 3). The desire to understand one self and his humanity can lead to spiritual formation. There is an intrinsic desire in man to seek God or that higher being that will explain his purpose here on earth. Some persons confuse this desire by aspiring for material things. A successful career, a happy family, good health and financial stability do not necessarily bring inner peace and contentment that comes with spiritual formation or being spiritually tuned with God. Since the early church spiritual formation has taken on new dimensions and emphasis. In the early church there was that special bond with the believers who live in a community and share the experiences and difficulties that came with the establishment of a new way of living. Jesus began a -learn as -they -go method with the disciples. He didn’t ask much from them; only to follow Him. Some were fishermen, one was a tax collector but their new quest of spiritual formation overshadowed their faults and shortcomings. In His humanness Jesus accepted the fact that they came with their own baggage, backgrounds and personalities. These disciples were not formed instantly. Even when Jesus walked among them they exhibited different emotions and weaknesses. At times they were fearful, angry,

Analysis of the Internet of Things

Analysis of the Internet of Things The Internet of things is a term coined by Massachutes Institute of technology (MIT).The term describes a vision of the internet in the future where all things or objects are on one network. These things will contain: A Unique identifier Its own individual digital presence- it will know who and where it is. The ability to process or exchange information Can store data about itself Is capable of participating in or making decisions relevant to its own destiny on a continuous basis? The term Internet of things covers the whole infrastructure such as the hardware, software and services supporting the networking of physical objects. (European Commission, 2008) A Brief History of the Internet The first development to the present World Wide Web was Enquire. This contained a project management tool that allowed pages of notes to be linked together and edited. (Anderson, 2007). Eventually, after the evolution of various technological and software developments was the World Wide Web created. With a browser/client that could view and edit pages of marked-up information (HTML). The edit function only really materialised in later browsers: Viola WWW and Mosaic (the current Netscape browser.). Web 1.0 Introduced in 1994, web 1.0 consisted of an individual source (e.g. Website or a file) publishing information which could be viewed or downloaded by a client. This was a straight client-server network, so those individual clients were not able to fully interact with the source. The main purpose of web 1.0 was to push information to a relatively passive audience. (Castelluccio, Michael, 2008). This passive audience would consist of users who would create their own websites. So, the majority of web 1.0 websites contained HTML tags scattered all across the web but without the ability for users to add to the website unless they understood HTML. This left internet interaction exclusive to people who were HTML literate. Web 2.0 In 2008 web 2.0 became the associated term for the uprising of new products and services on the internet. The term was created four years previous by Dale Dougherty, vice president of OReilly Media Inc.2 Evolving from web 1.0, 2.0 represented a more peer to peer environment. This concept emphasized more the individual user having the ability to upload content (pictures, music, and videos) to a website. These websites took the form of blogs, wikis, podcasts, RSS feeds and social networking sites. This user interaction coupled with improvements in networking technology, has made the internet more personal and accessible. According to (Anupriya Ankolekar et al, 2007), Web 2.0 is distinguished mainly from Web 1.0 by the following characteristics: Community: Web 2.0 offers multiple users to work together and to share information. So the website is more effective than that of just having one contributor to the site. Each contributor gains more from the system than she puts into it. Such community website examples would be the music file sharing service Napster and an event calendar Upcoming. Mashups: Services from different sites can be brought together, in the creation of a new website such as using Google maps in your website. Ajax: The base for the previous two characteristics, Ajax creates responsive user interfaces. Asynchronous JavaScript + XML, AJAX for short is a number of technologies ranging from CSS and XHTML for standards based presentation to XML for data retrieval and data interchange to JavaScript for binding everything together (Garrett, 2005). The traditional Web application model was based on the users actions on a web interface triggering a HTTP request to a web server. And in turn the server sending a HTML page back to the client. This lead to stop/starting of information as it goes and comes back to the user. Ajax prevents this by having an ajax engine being placed between the client and server. Instead of a webpage the browser loads an ajax engine made of javaScript code. This engine creates a asynchronous connection with the user independent of the server. Every action which would normally result in an HTTP request generation now turns into a JavaScript call to the AJAX engine. Web 3.0- The Semantic web Web 3.0 or a semantic web is being proposed as the natural progression for the development of the Web. A definition from Paul Anderson in an article in the American scientific explains that the semantic web is about the shift from documents to data- the transformation of a space consisting largely of human-readable, text oriented documents, to an information space in which machine readable data, imbued with some sense of meaning is being exchanged and acted upon. This machine readable data would consist of metadata. Defined by (NISO 2004) Metadata is structured information that describes, explains, locates, or otherwise makes it easier to retrieve, use, or manage an information resource. Metadata is often called data about data or information about information. RDF There are current technologies which are being developed by the W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) which aims to bring development towards a Semantic Web. These technologies such as RDF (Resource Description Frame work) can be used to give meaning to the metadata on the World Wide Web. RDF according to (Berners-lee et al, 2001), encodes a triple (object, subject, verb) using XML tags. These tags are hidden labels that annotate web pages but these tags have no meaning to the document. With RDF, the document makes decisions that things (people, webpages) have properties (is an author of) with certain values (another webpage). He goes on to develop that these objects can be identified by an URI (Universal Resource Identifier), the best known being a URL (Universal Resource Locator). The triples produced by RDF form webs of info about related things. And with URI encoding the document, the URI makes sure that this information is not just words but is tied to a unique definition that everyon e can find on the web? Ontologies But how can a machine differentiate between these terms/objects? OWL or Web Ontology Language is a formal language which represents ontologies (intelligent agents) in the semantic web. These intelligient agents will help relate various types of metadata from the RDF. According to (Berners-lee et al, 2001) ontologies have taxonomy and a set of interference rules. Taxonomy: Defines classes of objects and relations among them. And can express a large number of relations among objects by assigning properties to classes and allowing subclasses to inherit such properties. Interference Rules help distinguish similar terms, for example that an address from Sligo it, being in Sligo, must be in Co. Sligo, which is in Ireland. (Berners-lee et al, 2001) explains the computer doesnt truly understand any of this information, but it can now manipulate the terms much more effectively in ways that are useful and meaningful to the human user ?. With the ability to perform this function more accurate web searches can be produced, as the searches are based on a precise concept instead of using vague keywords. Turn to the Internet of Things The possibilities of the semantic web can give a base for the IOT to be developed, due to the quick, intelligent and personal nature of semantic technologies and to the fact that URIs can point to anything. This includes physical objects, which through RDF can promote their functionality (What they do and how they are controlled) (Berners-lee et al, 2001). (Artem Katasonov et al, 2008) suggests that for the IOT to happen the semantic base or (middleware) must be decentralised. This is suggested due to the high volume of devices connected to the internet, administrators will have it difficult in managing such a wide variety of unscalable information and media. There will be a need for self-manageable complex systems. They also go on to argue that semantic technologies firstly, will function as the basis of heterogeneous components and the integration of data across many domains and secondly, will be used for the coordination of the intelligent agents representing those resources. As previously mentioned in the last section, intelligient agents can roam as a middleware between the heterogeneous component and an autonomous software agent. (Artem Katasonov et al, 2008) defines the role of the agent as having the ability to monitor the state of the component, make decisions on behalf of the component and to discover, request and utilize external help if needed. The agents offer a more flexible system, one in which networks will be monitored easily as information will be already processed. What are Things? The IOT will be based on these intelligent objects which will all communicate with the each other and the end user. These things as previously stated will be individual entities which can interpret and communicate with the internet. They will have an active part within the internet and have the ability to share information about themselves and their environment. (European Commission, 2008) gives a few examples of objects which do menial tasks but use very smart systems and advanced network connections: Retail Example Mobile Phones will have the ability to be used as credit cards, travel passes and to gain information from the internet. With the use of NFC (Near Field Communications) technology could this be possible. They estimate that there will be 1billion by 2015. Another example given is a fully automated warehouse, where items are checked in and out. Orders can be passed directly to suppliers automatically. All the cause of RFID (Radio Frequency Identifiers) attached to goods and products. Manufactures can view the market needs in real time, this saves time and energy leading to the whole process being more environmentally friendly. E-health Example RFID and sensor technologies will help in early diagnostics of patients help doctors make more informed decisions and it will produce alerts if a patients health deteriorates. All information will be gathered through lightweight, intelligent sensors on the patient or by possible smart dust (microscopic computers) within the patient. Energy Example Through a network of sensors can temperature and lighting be dynamically controlled. This helps intelligent houses to reduce energy consumption without the loss of an individuals comfort. Environment Example The IOT will have an effect on how certain conditions (traffic, weather, air particles, water pollution, and the environment are monitored and examined. RFID Radio frequency Identification tags typically are small devices that can be embedded in or attached to objects for the purpose of identifying the object over a radio channel (Karjoth et al, 2005). RFID consists of a reader and a tag. Uses of RFID technology RFID has been in use now for many years. It started being used in World War II, by British planes to help them discover their own aircrafts using the Identification Friend or Foe (IFF) system. In the 1960s it was used by Los Alamos National Laboratory to gain access control to there company. People in the company wore RFID badges so they could be identified. This helped limit access to important areas in the company and also made it harder for badges to be forged. Since then RFID has being used to identify animals, track airline luggage, locate lost items, prevent theft and make toys more interactive. Recently, a few multi-national companies have shown an interest in this technology such as Wal-mart, Tesco, and the US Military. The main aims according to Roy Want is to make the cost of tags decrease, streamlining the tracking of stock, sales and orders (Want, 2006). With the ability to store information and to connect with tags over a digital communication network, RFID can track the journey an object makes between the factories, warehouses, vehicles, and stores (Want, 2006). RFID Tags The tag, when attached to an object can be identified by the reader over a radio channel. Tags can be read easier and faster than that of normal barcodes, usually within the range of a few meters. An RFID tag contains two main components: An antenna which is a flat, metallic conductive coil which has the potential to be less than half a millimetre in size, is used to send and receive radio waves. An antenna can be printed, etched or stamped on a plastic foil or silicon chip which (Karjoth et al, 2005) defines as a substrate. The second component the silicon chip is a microchip or Integrated Circuit (IC). According to (Plaggenborg, 2006), the smallest IC is 0.15 mm x 0.15 mm and is 7.5 m thick. Both the antenna and IC are attached to a plastic tag. The main types of RFID tags are active, passive and semi-passive. Active tags contain their own internal power source. The word active is due to the fact that it uses an active radio frequency transmitter to communicate in a session with the reader. This gives active tags a better read range than passive tags, covering hundreads of meters. It can communicate through difficult environments such as water or heavy metal, which Plaggenborg states is impossible for passive tags. He goes on to say that active tags have a greater amount of memory and are more secure because of their more advanced IC processing capabilities. Passive tags use electromagnetic waves from the reader to attract a connection to the tags antenna. Power is transferred from the reader to the tag through the electromagnetic waves. Because it does not need its own battery passive tags can have an unlimited lifespan (in theory). But a passive tags response is limited by the readers signal strength. The tags response or backscatter is limited by its range which is around four to five metres. Because of there simple design and low cost (five cent a tag), passive tags are mainly used in the retail industry. Semi-passive tags contain both a small battery and require waves from the reader to send a response. The small battery within the tag is used for the ICs logic and to give a response to the reader through the antenna. Due to the small battery these tags have a short lifespan, they are more delicate and are very expensive. Classes of Tags Tags are separated into different classes depending on there functionality. This framework which was developed by the Auto ID centre and later by EPC (Electronic product Code), 1separates tags into five different classes. From class one to the greater functionality of class five. Tag Memory A tags chip is either read-only memory (ROM) or read-write. Data which is embedded onto the chip at its manufacturing stage that can only be read was called class 0 tags. Tags can be used with static random access memory (SRAM) to produce what is called a Write Once Read Many (WORM) tag. The unique id in this tag type is permanently stored on the chip.12 Read-only chips are mainly used for tracking. Read-write allows the ability to change the chips ID and also to add some data to the tags memory. Information can be programmed onto read-write chips but these are very expensive. EEPROM (a technique for erasing memory and overwriting it) can also be used for this process. Also chips can be manufactured in such a way that the ID is cannot be altered but that information can still be written to memory. Passive tags can store from 32 bits to 128 kilobytes of data. Since active tags have their own battery they can afford to store more, some tags having the ability to store up to one megabyt e of memory.13 Frequencies (Plaggenborg, 2006) states that there are four frequency bands, each with their own characteristic in regards to communication. For example low frequencies can penetrate such conditions as water and metal but are much slower than that of high frequencies. High frequencies are faster but with the defect that they cannot penetrate the conditions mentioned. RFID operates on an unlicensed spectrum space called ISM (industrial, scientific and medical). The ISM frequencies vary on which country you are in. There are two distinct systems in regards to its physical properties to which RFID communicates from the tag to the reader. Low frequencies and high frequencies use near field communication through the process of inductive coupling from a magnetic field. The reader creates a magnetic field between itself and the reader. The reader induces an electric current in the tags antenna. From this, the reader gains the tags ID and also gives power to the tags IC. The reader learns the tags ID, by varying the load on the antennas coil which changes the current on the readers communication coil.12 Ultra High frequency and Microwave frequency use far-field communication. It uses the physical property of backscattering, which is the process of the reader sending a continuous signal frequency that is reflected back by the tags antenna. The tag encodes the reflected signal with information using modulation (i.e. changing the amplitude of the waves returned).12 RFID uses a frequency spectrum similar to that of wireless and Bluetooth networks and hybrid tags are currently being developed for them to communicate.12 Standards As with any established product and technology, RFID has many proposed standards. Standards provide many benefits such as universal procedures for all and interoperability between technologies. There are a number of bodies in the development of RFID Technology ISO EPC global ETSI FCC 12 (Plaggenborg, 2006) states the point that the main areas to which standards have being proposed are Air interface protocols These are ISO standards ranging from ISO 18000-1 to 7 and are concerned with how tags and readers communicate. EPC has its own set of standards similar to ISOs 18000-6 (860-960 MHZ range). These EPC tags are not interoperable with each other and are not interoperable with the ISO standard. So EPC are working on a new set of protocols (GEN 2) that can work with the class 0 and class 1 passive tags and should be closely aligned with the ISO standard.12 Data content and Encoding This is concerned with data formatting or organisation, numbering schemes (Plaggenborg, 2006). Conformance- This is the testing of products to see if they meet the standards. Applications- How standards are used on certain labels13 Electronic Product Code Is a unque code which is contained within an RFID tags memory. It is much the same as the barcode scheme UPC for identifying physical objects. EPC is differs from UPC as it has the capability to identify every single product item individually. For example when a shopkeeper scans a barcode the code relates to the type of product he is scanning (this packet is a packet of Jacob biscuits).If he scanned another packet of Jacob biscuits he would get the same result. In contrast, if he scanned an EPC tag he would be able to identify not just the make of the product but the individual product he is scanning. So this time when he scans another packet of Jacob biscuits, (that is not the original packet) it will come up with a different result. EPC uses a 96 bit number to identify a product. This gives it a huge scope of numbers for product identification as opposed to UPC. As shown in figure 3 The EPC code consists of many components. The header identifies what coding scheme is in use. There are many different schemes to which Matt Ward gives three examples Global Trade Identification Number GLTN, Serial Shipping Container Code SSCC and Global Location Number GLN.15 The Manger number defines the company that produced the product (Manufacturer). The object class identifies the actual product. The Serial number refers to the individual item/product. EPCs 96 bit code according to Matt Ward can identify 268 million companies, each manufacturer can have 16 million object classes and 68 billion serial numbers for every individual object. Matt Ward in his paper (Ward et al, 2006), also discuss about the EPC Network Architecture. He explains, clearly how RFID tags do not work in isolation but are part of an overall system be it a supply chain or any kind of logistical recording. He notes how the RFID tag can work as the primary key in representing a product within the database. A vision of this technology is being developed which is called the EPC Network Architecture. The architecture consists of many tags being connected through their readers to an organisations database or back-office enterprise system. In the previous chapter we observed the possible middleware for the Semantic web. Well here are the key technologies which (Ward et al, 2006) suggests are appropriate for supporting the massive increase of information that will result from in an RFID system. Savant is as he puts it is the middleware software system that links reader devices and processes the information streams from tags. It acts as the gateway to the enterprise systems and database applications, providing filtering, aggregation and counting of tag-based data. (Ward et al, 2006) ONS Object Naming Service much like the Domain Name Service (DNS) on the World Wide Web helps translate the EPC code into a Uniform Reference Locator. This is where it looks up the location of where the tags associated database is. Physical Mark up Language (PML) is an XML-based language which uses a standard vocabulary for describing physical objects, observations made by the RFID readers of these objects and observations made about the readers themselves and there exchanging of data throughout the EPC network (Ward et al, 2006). It uses two main vocabularies: one for communication between Savant and the enterprise applications and a second (Core PML) for communication throughout the EPC network. (Seong Leong,2004) (Ward et al, 2006) notes indirectly about the IOT when he mentions of the possibilities of IPV6 as an alternative to EPC coding. IPV6 is a communication network standard which delegates the addressing and routing of data packets through a network. It is an improved addressing protocol from that of IPV4 which has the capacity up to 4 billion addresses. IPV6 can give 430 quintillion addresses for every inch of the worlds surface.15 But Ward explains that for a tag to have an IPV6 address, it would no longer be used as an assigned permanent identifier on objects. Saying this he highlights the fact that the U.S. military are investigating and planning to use IPV6 tags in the near future. RFID Readers Readers can be handheld or a fixed device. Examples of handheld readers are similar to that of barcode readers, but readers can be placed in PDAs or mobile phones. Class 5 tags are actually designed to be readers; they can read and exchange information with other tags.15 Fixed readers are used for electronic tolls or can be placed within walls or ceilings. Readers communicate with a tag to gain its id number. When the reader is held close to a passive tag, the tags antenna consumes the energy from the reader which in turn powers the IC. The IC responds information back. This depends on the type of tag. There are two main types of readers: ones in which the reader can only read information from the tag. These usually operate with an EPC class 1 tag. The other type is readers which can write information onto the tag. This depends on if the memory on the tag is read/write. According to (Ward et al, 2006), Readers are becoming more sophisticated and are beginning to act as an entry to th e internet through supporting TCP/IP technologies and other such protocols as DHCP, UDP/IP and wireless 802.11. RFIDs Relevance to the Future of the Internet From the research into this area we have seen that RFID has the components to develop a network of communicating things. Because RFID can both send and receive data about an object within various conditions e.g. underwater, through walls etc. We can communicate with solitary objects and their position, condition and other relevant information for whatever purpose they were placed on an object. Through examining various papers on this topic, most come to the conclusion that RFID as a technology is not attractive enough of a proposition for companies to develop at present. RFID is too expensive to be added too or implemented in a manufacturers product. Currently, you can get the cheapest RFIDs at 5 cent each.13 Matt Ward sees RFID tags as a stepping stone to ubiquitous computing. There will not be a fully fledged IOT but one in which will be developed systematically. He proposes that the internet will be extended to a level below computational devices, which consists of simpler devices/items. As the RFID technologies become more accepted in the market place, there will be more of a demand for tags that can achieve greater amounts of tasks. Similar to the pre requites we defined in section two, Matt notes the technological developments needed for their relevance in the internet of things. Firstly, each of these items must be able to identify itself to other items and to the network in general. This is provided for by the introduction and development of RFID technology. Secondly, these items should include some element of embedded computational power in order to act with some level of intelligence. Thirdly, they will need to have some sense of their physical environment and geographical location. Continuing developments in computational science and electronics, particularly work on miniaturisation, tiny operating systems and wireless communication will make this vision increasingly realistic (Ward et al, 2006) Near field communication This is a new development in RFID, one of which uses near field coupling signalling between devices in the 13.56 MHZ band.11 This standard has the ability to read existing passive tags and aims to develop them to communicate with peer devices at a 20cm locality. It was set up by the Near-field communication forum. The NFC standard aims to streamline the discovery process by passing wireless Media Access Control addresses and channel-encryption keys between radios through a near-field coupling side channel, which, when limited to 20 cm, lets users enforce their own physical security for encryption key exchange (Want,2006). He also mentions how through this two way authentication process can a more reliable connection be made then that of Wireless and Bluetooth. Reliable in the sense that it would not form any associations with devices that arent local. Sensory RFID Many commentators believe the next development of RFID will be an enabled sensory function. This will give tags the ability to make measurements about its surrounding environment based on such gauges as pressure, temperature, flow-rate and speed vibrations.15 These devices will be connected to the internet by radio frequencies or through wireless communication systems. Due to the batteries capacity, active tags would seem to be more qualified for development.13 Plaggenborg describes in his developmental paper of RFID about Mitsubishis research team who developed location aware objects with light sensitive RFID tags. This consisted of an RFID reader with a projector to give precise feedback of a products location. The device is aimed at the products in question. It projects a pattern over the product and each pixel shows a different code. This code with its identity is then communicated back to the handheld device. It then uses an (x, y) coordinate to visually give the user feedback. As we can see, its not impossible for this technology if creatively used to be developed further. Distributed Memory The amount of memory a tag can store could be limitless if the tag can store and recover its information from a local database. But the tag could not be able to implicitly recover the information all the time. For tags to work more effective, it will need to utilise its self storing capability. Currently a tag can store from 200 to 8,000 bits.12 believes that tags in the future will have the ability to store more information. Leaving to more distributed information being placed in our surroundings. Standardisations for the IOT If the IOT is going to happen then interoperability is a must. There are currently a number of groups who are working on low power wireless communication standards between objects. ZigBee, 6LoWPAN, Z-Wave, and Bluetooth Low Energy are the main standards for this type of communication. But the base of communication for the Physical layers for Zigbee and 6LoWPAN is IEEEs 802.15.4. IEEEs 802.15.4 Developed and maintained by the IEEE 802.15 working group, 802.15.4 is a low power wireless personal area network (LoWPAN) standard. Released in 2003, it was the first low power-radio standard.18 It is used as a specification for the physical (PHY) and medium access control (MAC) layers. To gain a complete protocol stack other standards are needed to define the higher layers. According to (Orrevad, 2009), the physical of the protocol uses three different frequency bands: 868-868.8 MHz within Europe which allows one communication channel, 902-928 MHz within North America that allows ten to thirty channels and 2400-2483.5 MHz range for the rest of the world and uses up to sixteen channels. This standard aims to work with multiple low cost nodes of a long lifespan. To achieve an IOT such attributes would have to be viable. But this low cost/ low power solution, limits the capability of both the microcontroller and the LoWPANs links. The throughput is suggested to reach the 250Kbps limit . And the frame length is only 128 bytes. It uses short 16-bit link addresses, as well as IEEE EUI-64 addresses, to reduce header overhead and memory requirements. LoWPANs make contact over multiple hops. Microcontrollers which work with this standard usually have about 8 Kbytes of data RAM and 64 Kbytes of program ROM. The main features of IEEE 802.15.4 highlighted within (Orrevad, 2009)s informative paper are the fact of its use of carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) which avoids collisions, sharing a single channel with multiple users by using direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS), with the ability to sleep it gives appropriate energy efficiency and through its use of guaranteed time slots (GTS) it can guarantee sensors transmission if they are critical in nature. Frames Frames contain a certain patterns in which other devices can understand. Differerent frames have different uses. There are four types of frames defined in the IEEE 802.15.4 standard : Beacon, used by a coordinator to transmit beacons A data frame, for different data transfers An acknowledgement(ACK) frame, used for a confirmation of successful frame transfer A MAC command frame, used for handling all MAC transfers between entities The beacon, ACK, and MAC frames are mainly used for lower layer signalling. Headers Headers in the IEEE 802.15.4 standard consist of the physical layer (PHY) and medium access control (MAC) layer headers which contain different features that can be set when sending a packet. Maximum physical layer packet size including overhead is 102 octets.19 He adds, if you add link-layer security you add an extra 21 octets for an AES-CCM-128 encryption. This leaves 81 octets available for the higher levels of the protocol stack. IPV6 integration IPV6 is the newest version of the Internet protocol, which was created in the late 1990s as a solution to the limited numbe

Literature Review and Empirical Essay

From the early eighties to the nineties, the Standard Rate increased modestly, but is still below its mid-seventies level. While researchers have identified many reasons for the low UI recipiency rates over the past twenty years, many questions remain as to the causes behind the low rate and steps that policy and program officials might take to increase it. While the Standard Rate is the most commonly used measure to evaluate the effectiveness of the UI program, researchers have developed alternative UI recipiency rates to address some of the limitations of the standard measure. The standard measure is expressed as the ratio of the insured unemployed (i. e. , the number of regular UI claimants) to the total number unemployed. Alternative measures have been designed to better capture the effectiveness of the UI program by including the full range of UI programs available to the unemployed (beyond the regular program) and by more accurately defining the UI target population (a subset of unemployed workers). Purpose and Methodology The purpose of this report is to examine why the Standard Rate, as well as alternative recipiency rates, declined sharply in the early eighties and continued to remain well below their midseventies level in the early nineties. We critically reviewed the findings from the research literature to explore the factors others have identified to explain the drop in the UI recipiency rate. The literature review enabled us to identify factors for inclusion in our empirical analysis and to assess the effects of factors that could not be included in our own analysis. Our empirical analysis is based primarily on the methodology used by Burtless and Saks (1984) and focuses only on changes in the UI recipiency rate over recessionary periods. It is important to compare similar economic periods because the UI recipiency rate is higher during recessionary periods and lower during periods of economic expansion. We first replicated the analysis from Burtless and Saks, estimating the effects of various factors that influenced the rate used in their original analysis from the seventies recession (1975-76) to the eighties recession (1981-83). We then extended their earlier analysis by testing the effects of additional factors during that period. Next, we updated the analysis to include data from the most recent recessionary period in the nineties (1991-92). We chose the period in the nineties to be consistent with the periods of rising unemployment rates selected by Burtless and Saks. Finally, we extended their analysis by using the Standard Rate and two additional measures of UI recipiency selected to measure the performance of the UI programs during recessionary periods. Our conclusions about the effects of various factors on the UI recipiency rate are based on the findings from both the critical review of the literature and our empirical analysis. We also present evaluation design options to address some of the limitations of current knowledge. The Lewin Group, Inc. E-1 156059 Executive Summary C. UI Recipiency Rate Measures Four UI recipiency rate measures were selected for the empirical analysis. Standard Rate: number of weekly claims for regular program unemployment insurance benefits, as a proportion of all unemployed workers;1 All Programs Rate: number of weekly claims for all program (regular, extended and federal) unemployment insurance benefits, as a proportion of all unemployed workers; Standard Short-term Rate: number of weekly claims for regular program unemployment insurance benefits, as a proportion of job losers unemployed less than 27 weeks; and All Programs Job Loser Rate: number of weekly claims for all program (regular, extended and federal) unemployment insurance benefits, as a proportion of all job losers. The final three UI recipiency rates deviate from the Standard Rate by changing the definition of UI claimants, unemployed workers, or both. Because the All Programs Rate and the All Programs Job Loser Rate include all UI program claimants, Wandner and Stengle (1996) argue that they are generally better measures of UI coverage during recessionary periods when extended benefit programs are provided. The All Programs Job Loser Rate differs from the All Programs Rate because it targets a subset of unemployed workers (i. e. , job losers) who would be most likely to qualify for UI benefits. The Standard Short-term Rate only includes regular program claimants and the general â€Å"target population† for the regular state program, job losers unemployed less than 27 weeks. This final measure was used in the original Burtless and Saks analysis. All three alternative rates are larger than the Standard Rate because they use either a more expansive definition of UI claimants and/or a more restrictive definition of unemployed workers. From the seventies to the eighties, all four recipiency rates declined sharply (Exhibit 1). The largest reductions are for the All Programs Rate and the All Programs Job Loser Rate. These rates declined by more than the Standard Rate because of the large cutbacks in the extended benefit programs that were implemented in the early eighties. From the eighties to the nineties, the Standard Rate increased slightly. There is not, however, a large change in either the All Programs or All Programs Job Loser rates over this period, due to the small number of extended claimants. If, however, the analysis were extended to periods following March 1992, there would be an increase in both of these rates because of the extension of benefits through the Emergency Unemployment Compensation (EU3) program. 2 The Standard Short-term Rate follows the same general pattern as the Standard Rate, though there is a much sharper drop-off in the Standard Short-term rate in the early eighties that corresponds with fewer short term job losers receiving regular program benefits.

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