Environmental Effects of the Production of Electricity by Various Essay

Environmental Effects of the Production of Electricity by Various Energy Sources - Essay Example This paper will explore the use of nuclear technology for electricity production with a bias on the environmental and public health impact of this technology as compared to the use of coal. First of all, the paper will look into the current status of electricity production using nuclear technology today in the USA and then look into the environmental and health impact of this technology and lastly compare the impact associated with it to that associated to use of coal for electricity production. The USA is the leading producer of nuclear power accounting for about 30% of the nuclear power electricity production in the world with 104 nuclear reactors that produce more than 19% of the total electricity produced in the USA (World Nuclear Association) . Currently there are 100 operable nuclear reactors in 31 different states which are under the operation of 30 different companies whereas three reactors are under construction and it is expected that 4 more reactors might be operational by the year 2020 (World Nuclear Association). ... However, the reduction of natural gas rates since the year 2009 has put some misgiving in the economic viability of nuclear expansion in the USA (World Nuclear Association). Although nuclear electricity production is highly regulated by both the state and federal laws to ensure that there is minimal interference with the environment and public health, this technology has its share of limitations. Although the nuclear generation process does not produce pollutant gases such as carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide as part of the power generation process, fossil fuel gas emissions are associated with the process of mining and transportation of uranium to and fro the reactors (OECD Nuclear Energy Agency 57) In this way, nuclear energy production indirectly contributes to release of pollutant gases and greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide into the environment. Open pit excavations of Uranium mines may also be a hazard to both animals and human beings whereas uranium mining in any method elicits environmental concerns because of its waste material tailings from the uranium ore. Tailings are small pieces which result from crushing the rock to obtain the valuable mineral and are usually emplaced in the mine or disposed in engineered dams. They often contain radioactive material and sometimes sulphides with the potential of forming acids (Merkel &Hasche-Berger 631). The nuclear reactors use a lot of water for steam production and also for cooling which might remove a lot of water from the water bodies such as rivers and lakes thus endangering aquatic life (Kingery 151). Water discharge from nuclear power plants also has traces of heavy metal and salts as well as high temperatures thus degrading the water quality in water bodies and

INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS AND FINANCE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS AND FINANCE - Essay Example The two eminent theories of Heckscher-Ohlin and Ricardian theory of international trade by David Ricardo have been discussed below. An introspection of the two theories provides an insight of the main controversies in the field of international trade and the current problems in policy that is affecting international trade. The Ricardian model explains comparative advantage in international trade by taking into account factors like natural resources and technology advancements of a country. The factors of comparative labour and capital have not been considered by Ricardo while explaining comparative advantage. The Heckscher-Ohlin model of international trade on the other hand assumes that the labour and capital are abundant resources that vary from one country to another and technology in long term prospects are assumed to be same. Heckscher-Ohlin derived that a country exports such goods that make optimal utilisation of local factors and imports those goods which could not make use o f available factors. David Ricardo: Ricardian theory of international trade International trade is necessary for the sustenance of globalization. ... Ricardian theory, however, holds the underlying assumption that the labour is the primary input for production and the trade at international stage occurs due to relative ratios of labour of the different nations (Rivera-Batiz and   Oliva, 2003, p.4). The other assumptions in the Ricardian model of international trade says that the labour as an input of production of the countries is also inelastic and there is no cost of transportation and no international trade barriers. The theory of comparative advantage has been explained by two factors namely, the opportunity cost and the production possibility frontier. The opportunity cost of the countries can be determined as the loss incurred for a certain production due to increase in another production. In international trade theory, the opportunity cost to a country is the decrease in cost of production arising out of scarcity of some factors for which the country imports goods and services from another country where those factors are present. The countries would carry out international trade in such a way that the opportunity cost is high. This could be done by international exports of goods that have abundant factors available in the boundary of the country and through import of goods that have scarcity of factors in the national boundaries. The production possibility frontier explains that the output of the country remains same for a certain level of technology and international trade takes place due to difference in outputs as a result of different levels of technology achieved by different countries. Heckscher-Ohlin - Heckscher Ohlin theory of international trade Capital and

2008 Financial Collapse Summary

2008 Financial Collapse Summary Dave Levengood â€Å"Too Big to Fail† vs. â€Å"How an Economy Grows and Why it Crashes† The Great Recession of 2008 was not only the largest economic crash of this decade, it was the largest economic crash since the Great Depression. The Great Recession has been studied extensively since it happened, and there are finite conclusions as to why it occurred that can be drawn from the facts. First, ineffective government regulations of the banking system allowed the Wall Street banks to carelessly loan out money to essentially anyone who asked for it. Second, many of those loans, which originally stimulated the housing bubble, were defaulted on when the nearly 8 trillion dollar housing bubble burst, leaving behind billions of dollars of debt. Third, this debt destroyed consumer confidence in the large banks, causing a drop in the stock market as people withdrew their money. The lack of â€Å"credit† as Ben Bernanke describes it, almost threw the American Economy into an abyss much deeper than that of the Great Depression. Two works that both outline the causes and re sults of the Great Recession are Peter Schiff’s â€Å"How an Economy Grows and Why it Crashes,† and the HBO film, â€Å"Too Big to Fail.† Schiff’s book uses a comical portrayal of the U.S. economy in the form of islanders of the nation Usonia, with â€Å"fish† as dollars. HBO’s documentary focuses more on the day-to-day actions by the government and banks trying to prevent this recession forming into a depression. In all however, both works draw on and allude to the known problems in the U.S. economy that led to the Great Recession. â€Å"Too Big to Fail† implies that the start of the entire economic fall was when President Reagan deregulated the banks, giving them much more freedom to give out loans. This freedom was then abused by overconfident banks and thus the recession occurred. Schiff does not share the same view outright in his book, however his comments on the frequency and careless loans by the banks cannot be overlooked. That being said, Schiff focuses extensively on the changing value of currency over the course of the recession. After being taken off the gold standard, Schiff describes how the U.S. economists were free to change their currency as needed to sustain growth. The ONLY reason why this worked was because the U.S. had become such a large economic player that the Reserve Note was backed up by the â€Å"trustworthy† reputation of previous years. Had other nations not accepted our dollars as a reserve note, we would have a much more difficult time borrowing and spending money to day. Furthermore, Schiff describes the acts of the Federal Reserve inflating currency as the â€Å"re-officialization† of the dollar bill into  ¾, then  ½ of its original value. This crack of instability in our currency was heavily leaned upon during the great recession when the value of our currency was questioned. After the large investment banks lost money, consumers seriously questioned the value of the dollar. As true with all expectations, when confidence and expectations are low, they tend to be self-fulfilling prophecies in that they come true because people think they will. Therefore, â€Å"Too Big to Fail† describes the original cause of the recession as the deregulation of the banks by Reagan, while Schiff might argue that the underlying cause was because of the insecurity in the value of the United States dollar. The second cause of the Great Recession was the housing bubble. While there may have been some disagreement in the underlying causes of the recession between the two works, both Schiff and â€Å"Too Big† are in agreement over the catastrophic consequences of the bursting of the housing bubble. â€Å"Too Big to Fail† details how the banks were truly sunk by the defaulting of housing loans. In forcing mergers and subsidies, the problem was constantly the â€Å"toxic assets† which were the housing stocks. After the burst of the bubble, all of the large Wall Street banks were left with billions of dollars owed to them in the form of housing debts. Nobody knew if those debts would be repaid, however given the look of the housing markets at the time, the banks assumed the worst. Schiff also details the housing bubble as the â€Å"hut rut.† After political and fiscal dancing by the leaders of Usonia to re-stabilize their fish note, things in the Usonian economy b egan to look up. Schiff describes the hut rut as a gradual idea at first, with large dependable borrowers striving for the â€Å"American Dream† of owning a hut. Then, the government stepped in to help subsidize the buying of homes and restricts interest rates from being too high for risky buyers. This was most likely a large political move to gain re-election by making it appear as though homes were provided to all of the country. The result of these subsidies and restrictions was an upward spiral in the hut-market. The spiral increased speed until it was completely out of control of the government that originally regulated it. All semblance of legitimate value was lost, as consumers just demanded to get a hut to attain social status. As this towering house of cards grew and grew, so did the doubts and fragility within the market. Finally, the peak was reached and instead of all buyers of huts and small sellers, there were only sellers of huts. The prices deflated exponentia lly, and thus the hut bubble burst in a spectacular fashion. Therefore, Schiff describes how the subsidies and interest rate restrictions promoted excessive buying of houses by people who could not afford them, and â€Å"Too Big† demonstrates the effect of those defaulted loans on the banks that made them. The final act of the recession was the actual bailing out of the major companies, subsidies given, and eventually cash injections forced onto Wall Street banks. This part of the recession is the part most focused on by â€Å"Too Big to Fail.† The first domino to fall was the bailing out of Bear Stearns by the U.S. government as it was bought JP Morgan. This fall then caused the next smallest bank, Lehman Brothers, to get hit hard by shaky consumers. The combination of Richard Fuld’s ignorance in the Korean negotiations, and poor loan choices by the bank itself led to Lehman Brothers’ declaration of bankruptcy. While this causes an appreciation in the U.S. dollar for a short span, the lack of confidence originally in Lehman Brothers spreads like a disease to all the other banks in the system. One aspect of the recession that the film covers that Schiff does not is AIG. AIG took on an unbelievable amount of housing risks, expecting all of the assets to go up, howev er when the housing bubble crashed hard, so did AIG. The effect of AIG’s faltering was extrapolated throughout the economy due to the massive size of the company. Providing insurance to essentially all areas of the economy, AIG was â€Å"too big to fail† however, when it did, it threatened to take down the entire system with it. In an attempt to re-stabilize the system, Timothy Geithner, a policy-maker during the recession, attempts to merge the investment banks to boost confidence, however that fails miserably. The eventual plan that is decided upon is a 700 billion dollar bailout that would be used to purchase the â€Å"toxic assets† that were such a problem to the investment banks. However, after discovering the toxic asset plan too slow, Henry Paulson, secretary of the treasury during the recession, decides to give direct cash injections to the bank, with the hope of them lending it out. The only problem with the TARP bailout, is that the banks did not lend out the money. The economy continued to slope downward until 2009 when the market finally stabilized. While the collapse of AIG and the investment banks were truly scary notions, the true threat that faced the economy was the lack of credit. As described by Ben Bernanke, the ability to borrow money and pay it back plus interest is the heart and soul of an economy. Without credit, an economy will grind to a halt. This lack of credit is addressed by Schiff as well, who describes the government’s policies towards the lack of credit as simply throwing fish at it until the economy corrected itself. The only real policies that Schiff addresses by the government during the recession is the bailing out of Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae by George Bush to stop them from hurting the economy any more than they already had. Schiff believes that the savior of the U.S. recession was China, in the form of lending the U.S. the money necessary for the cash injections and stimuli. The problem that Schiff describes with this plan is necessity to repay China all of the debts that we owe it. Therefore, Schiff details how China supplied our government with the â€Å"real† money necessary to stop the bleeding of the housing market, while â€Å"Too Big to Fail† shows the steps taken to stop the bleeding itself. In conclusion, the Great recession of 2008 was an event long in the making, starting with the deregulation of the banking industry by Reagan and formation of the Fed by FDR. This caused weakness in the economy that was exploited by the crash of the housing bubble, and the resultant scramble for cash by out government has left us trillions of dollars in debt. The largest problem coming out of this recession is the probability of another bubble in the form of treasury bonds. If this bubble develops and the government does not kill it before it has time to grow, we could be facing a much larger and more permanent crash. Luckily, this recession did not turn into a depression. This is outlined in an article by Chris Isidore, a senior economics editor at CNN who attributes the survival of our economy to the trillions of dollars poured into the econmy by Ben Bernanke. While Schiff may not have agreed with the extensive borrowing to finance this, there is no doubt that Bernanke saved our eco nomy from total collapse, even if he did use any mean necessary. Schiff’s epilogue sums up the current position of U.S. political leaders, in that they do not have the courage to do what is necessary to fix the economy, instead worrying about their jobs and money. Hopefully we can learn from the mistakes shown in both of these works and ensure a stable and steadily growing economic future.

The Detective Story Genre Essay -- Year 10 GCSE Coursework

In this essay I will be analysing: The Speckled Band, The Red-Headed League, and The Blue Carbuncle by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. I will be showing and comparing the plots of all three stories, the settings, the structure, and language used, characteristics of Holmes and Watson, and my own conclusion. All three stories were written in the 1890s.Crime writing was very popular in the 19th century, people found it to be very entertaining. It all started with a man called Edgar Allan Poe, he wrote the very first detective story â€Å"The Murders in the Rue Morgue†. Poe was a great inspiration to Doyle; he was the one who made Doyle what he is today. Doyle just loved Poe’s writing and he used Poe as a model when he set out to write detective stories himself. Detective stories then began in the middle nineteenth century when police forces organised in U.S., France and England. They were then published in magazines in instalments. The main plots of the three stories all have one thing in common and that is that they are all mysteries. The mystery for â€Å"The Speckled Band† is how and why Julia Stoner really died. The story starts with Holmes waking up Watson because a client (Helen Stoner) has arrived at 221B Baker Street early in the morning. Helen Stoner has a case for Holmes and she tells him that she is afraid because her sister Julia died in mysterious circumstances. Holmes and Watson travel to Stoke Moran, Surrey to solve how Julia had died and why there is a low whistle in middle of the night which had been the herald of Julia’s death. Holmes and Watson start to examine Julia’s bedroom and find that she was killed by a snake which Dr Roylott had been training for it to poison people to death. Dr Roylott is then ma... ...lmes methods, but as Holmes always points out he never observes. Overall I think that the 3 short stories: The Speckled Band, The Red-Headed League, and The Blue Carbuncle work as great detective stories because as you keep reading they seem to interest you more so you never out them down. The stories have become so great because most of the characters are based on real people who have a strong connection to the character. Between all three stories I liked The Speckled Band more because it seems more interesting and the case that needs to be solved is very mysterious due to the strange death. The title is even intriguing; it makes you want to read it. When you read up to the part where Holmes finds out who is killing everyone that just makes you ask yourself so many questions as to why that happened so its more exciting and you just have to keep reading.

Caso Camry Essay

1) There are three types of reference group influence – informational, normative, and identification. Assuming Bianca is a representative for the group consisting of successful, urban, professional African American women, which type(s) of group influence do you see operating in this campaign? Informational influence is a potential since a member of the target group is implicitly saying, â€Å"You are like me and I like this car, so you will too†. Normative influence is not really being utilized in this campaign. There is no threat of punishment or promise of a reward by the group for compliance (buying the Camry) Identification influence is likely the strongest influence being utilized. The goal here is to have the target market identify and internalize group values and beliefs and then act on them. The implicit belief is that Camry is part of an active, adventurous, urban lifestyle. Notice the strategy of showing a member of the target group using the automobile which is consistent with an identification influence strategy 2) What are the primary core American values that this campaign is attempting to tap into Active (rather than passive) – the excitement and adventure aspect of the espionage theme, along with the â€Å"on-the-go† professional woman. Change – this campaign is based on the reality of existing females and African-American professionals as role models, not stereotypes. Individual – this campaign revolves around Bianca and her individual accomplishments. Diversity – this campaign is reaching out to African American professional women and indicating their desire to be their car of choice. Youth – this campaign is clearly targeting a youth audience – Bianca is a young urban professional. 3) What values and aspirations does this campaign tap into relating to the sub-groups of professional women and professional African American women? This campaign taps into both professional women and African American women – values and aspirations relating to modern gender roles and upward mobility and status for women and blacks and so on. 4) In Chapter 5, we describe 11 African American market segments  identified by Yankelovich. Which group or groups do you think the target market of professional African American women best represents? Explain. Answers will vary here and there is no perfect match. The closest would be the female members of the Black Onliners followed by the female members of the New Middle Class. Black Onliners come close in that they fit the age and income demographics and are tech savvy and brand conscious, which fits the description of the target professional African American women, and fits the featured aspects of the car and the Interactive nature of the campaign. While this group trends male, the female members of this group could be targeted. This group is described in the text as follows: Black Onliners (7 percent) – Younger (18-34), male, middle/upper income, brand conscious, place strongest importance on being around people of own ethnicity, most stressed about work, family, academics, and straddling black and white worlds, heaviest users of such technology as blogs and IM.

Criminology and Terrorism

J. Paul BatraProfessor Barnes Research Paper Final due 4/19/10 April 1, 2010 Terrorism Introduction Terrorism is defined loosely based on the Latin word Terre, which means to frighten. To be considered an act of terrorism, which is a political crime, an act must carry with it the intent to disrupt and the change the government and should not be merely a common-law crime committed for greed or egotism. The discipline of economics has many concepts that are relevant to an understanding of terrorism — supply and demand — costs and benefits, etc. Fully-developed economic or econometric models of terrorism are quite rare, however, and often involve such things as â€Å"psychic† costs and benefits (Nyatepe-Coo 2004). More down-to-earth economic theories can be found in the literature on deterrence. Rational choice theory, in particular, has found a place in criminology, and holds that people will engage in crime after weighing the costs and benefits of their actions to arrive at a rational choice about motivation after perceiving that the chances of gain outweigh any possible punishment or loss. The second theory that can explain the motivation behind terrorism is the relative deprivation hypothesis which is the idea that as a person goes about choosing their values and interests, they compare what they have and don't have, as well as what they want or don't want, with real or imaginary others. The person then usually perceives a discrepancy between what is possible for them and what is possible for others, and reacts to it with anger or an inflamed sense of injustice. We should be advised that debates exist within criminology regarding relative deprivation and terrorism, on the one hand, with the anomie or strain tradition which finds causal influence in such objectivist factors as Gross Domestic Product, and on the other hand, with the left realist tradition which finds causal influence in subjective experiences of deprivation or discomfort Crime Characteristics of Terrorism: Terrorism is not new, and even though it has been used since the beginning of recorded history it can be relatively hard to define. Terrorism has been described variously as both a tactic and strategy; a crime and a holy duty; a justified reaction to oppression and an inexcusable abomination. Obviously, a lot depends on whose point of view is being represented. Terrorism has often been an effective tactic for the weaker side in a conflict. As an asymmetric form of conflict, it confers coercive power with many of the advantages of military force at a fraction of the cost. Due to the secretive nature and small size of terrorist organizations, they often offer opponents no clear organization to defend against or to deter. The United States Department of Defense defines terrorism as â€Å"the calculated use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious, or ideological. † Within this definition, there are three key elements—violence, fear, and intimidation—and each element produce terror in its victims. The FBI uses this: â€Å"Terrorism is the unlawful use of force and violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives. † The U. S. Department of State defines â€Å"terrorism† to be â€Å"premeditated politically-motivated violence perpetrated against non-combatant targets by sub-national groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience. (International Terrorism and Security Research). Technological terrorism is defined as actions directed against infrastructure elements critically important for national security or committed with the use of especially hazardous technologies, technical means, and materials. In considering technological terrorism scenarios, the primary impact factors of such terrorist acts initiate secondary catastrophic processes with a significantly higher (tens and hundreds of times) level of secondary impact factors that affect the targets of the ttack, their personnel, the public, and the environment. (Nikolai A. Makhutov, Vitaly P. Petrov, and Dmitry O. Reznikov, Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Machine Sciences )Although what we don't know about the psychology of terrorism is more than what we do know, there have been several promising attempts to merge or combine psychology with sociology (and criminal justice) into what might be called terrorist profiling (Russell and Miller 1977; Bell 1982; Galvin 1983; Strentz 1988; Hudson 1999). This line of inquiry actually has a long history, and includes what rare studies exist of female terrorists. The earliest study (Russell and Miller 1977) found that the following people tend to join terrorist organizations: †¢ 22-25 years of age †¢ 80% male, with women in support roles †¢ 75-80% single †¢ 66% middle or upper class background †¢ 66% some college or graduate work †¢ 42% previous participation in working class advocacy groups †¢ 17% unemployed †¢ 18% strong religious beliefs IBLIOGRAPHY NOTE: Characteristics of Technological Terrorism Scenarios and Impact Factors* http://www. nap. edu/openbook. php? record_id=12490=53 The Economics theory of Rational Choice Theory as a theory of terrorism contends that these criminals usually come to believe their actions will be beneficial — to themselves, their community, or society — AND they must come to see that crime pays, or is at least a risk-free way to better their situatio n. Perhaps the most well-known version of this idea in criminology is routine activities theory (Cohen and Felson 1979), which postulates that three conditions must be present in order for a crime to occur: (1) suitable targets or victims who put themselves at risk; (2) the absence of capable guardians or police presence; and (3) motivated offenders or a pool of the unemployed and alienated. Other rational choice theories exist which delve further into models of decision making. In the few models of collective iolence that have found their way into criminology, the Olson hypothesis (source unknown) suggests that participants in revolutionary violence predicate their behavior on a rational cost-benefit calculus to pursue the best course of action given the social circumstances. Bibligraphy note: (THEORIES AND CAUSES OF TERRORISM) http://www. apsu. edu/oconnort/3400/3400lect02. htm) .   As far as we know, most terrorists feel that they are doing nothing wrong when they kill and injure p eople. They seem to share a feature of the psychological condition known as antisocial personality disorder or psychopathic personality disorder, which is reflected by an absence of empathy for the suffering of others. However, they do not appear unstable or mentally ill for this. A common feature is a type of thinking such as â€Å"I am good and right. You are bad and wrong. †Ã‚   It is a very polarized thinking which allows them to distance themselves from opponents and makes it easier for them to kill people. It is not the same kind of simplistic thinking one would expect from someone with low intelligence or moral development. Most terrorists are of above average intelligence and have sophisticated ethical and moral development. A closed-minded certainty is a common feature of terrorist thinking. (Merari 1990). Relative Deprivation occurs where individuals or groups subjectively perceive themselves as unfairly disadvantaged over others perceived as having similar attributes and deserving similar rewards (their reference groups). It is in contrast with absolute deprivation, where biological health is impaired or where relative levels of wealth are compared based on objective differences – although it is often confused with the latter. Subjective experiences of deprivation are essential and, indeed, relative deprivation is more likely when the differences between two groups narrows so that comparisons can be easily made than where there are caste-like differences. The discontent arising from relative deprivation has been used to explain radical politics (whether of the left or the right), messianic religions, the rise of social movements, industrial disputes and the whole plethora of crime and deviance. The usual distinction made is that religious fervour or demand for political change are a collective response to relative deprivation whereas crime is an individualistic response. But this is certainly not true of many crimes – for example, smuggling, poaching or terrorism – which have a collective nature and a communal base and does not even allow for gang delinquency which is clearly a collective response. The connection is, therefore, largely under-theorized – a reflection of the separate development of the concept within the seemingly discrete disciplines of sociology of religion, political sociology and criminology. The use of relative deprivation in criminology is often conflated with Merton's anomie theory of crime and deviance and its development by Cloward and Ohlin, and there are discernible, although largely unexplored, parallels. Anomie theory involves a disparity between culturally induced aspirations (eg success in terms of the American Dream) and the opportunities to realise them. The parallel is clear: this is a subjective process wherein discontent is transmuted into crime. Furthermore, Merton in his classic 1938 article, ‘Social Structure and Anomie', clearly understands the relative nature of discontent explicitly criticising theories which link absolute deprivation to crime by pointing to poor countries with low crime rates in contrast to the wealthy United States with a comparatively high rate. But there are clear differences, in particular Mertonian anomie involves an inability to realise culturally induced notions of success. It does not involve comparisons between groups but individuals measuring themselves against a general goal. The fact that Merton, the major theorist of reference groups, did not fuse this with his theory of anomie is, as Runciman notes, very strange but probably reflects the particular American concern with ‘winners' and ‘losers' and the individualism of that culture. The empirical implications of this difference in emphasis are, however, significant: anomie theory would naturally predict the vast majority of crime to occur at the bottom of society amongst the ‘losers' but relative deprivation theory does not necessarily have this overwhelming class focus. For discontent can be felt anywhere in the class structure where people perceive their rewards as unfair compared to those with similar attributes. Thus crime would be more widespread although it would be conceded that discontent would be greatest amongst the socially excluded. The future integration of anomie and relative deprivation theory offers great promise in that relative deprivation offers a much more widespread notion of discontent and its emphasis on subjectivity insures against the tendency within anomie theory of merely measuring objective differences in equality (so called ‘strain' theory) whereas anomie theory, on its part, offers a wider structural perspective in terms of the crucial role of differential opportunity structures and firmly locates the dynamic of deprivation within capitalist society as a whole. To be completed: Application: Conclusion: Bibliography